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Below are WAEC Biology Paper 2,May/June 2009 Questions and Answers:
(a) State one function of each of the following structures:
(i) Arteries;
(ii) Capillaries;
(iii) Veins;
(iv) Xylem;
(v) Phloem. [5 marks]
(b) Described the changes that take place in the composition of human
blood as it passes through the:
(i) Lungs;
(ii) Liver;
(iii) Kidney;
(iv) Small intestine. [12 marks]
(c) List the cellular components of blood. [3 marks]
Here's a breakdown of the answers to each part of Question 1:
(a) State one function of each of the following structures:
(i) Arteries: Arteries are responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. Their main function is to distribute oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs.
(ii) Capillaries: Capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues. They have thin walls that allow for diffusion of substances.
(iii) Veins: Veins transport deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. They also contain valves that prevent backward flow of blood and assist in returning blood to the heart against gravity.
(iv) Xylem: Xylem is a plant tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It provides structural support and helps in maintaining turgidity.
(v) Phloem: Phloem transports organic nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids, produced in the leaves through photosynthesis to other parts of the plant for growth and metabolism.
(b) Describe the changes that take place in the composition of human blood as it passes through the:
(i) Lungs: In the lungs, blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen through diffusion across the alveolar membranes. This results in an increase in oxygen levels and a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
(ii) Liver: In the liver, blood undergoes detoxification, where harmful substances are removed. Additionally, the liver stores excess glucose as glycogen and synthesizes proteins and clotting factors.
(iii) Kidney: In the kidneys, blood is filtered to remove waste products, excess ions, and water, while important substances such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This process helps maintain the body's electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
(iv) Small intestine: In the small intestine, blood absorbs nutrients from digested food through the intestinal walls. These nutrients include glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins, which are then transported to various cells and tissues in the body.
(c) List the cellular components of blood:
The cellular components of blood include:
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes).
(a) What is transpiration? [3 marks]
(b) (i) Name two types of transpiration. [2 marks]
(ii) List four factors which affect the rate of transpiration. [4 marks]
(c) Describe the mechanisms of opening and closing of the stomata. [7 marks]
(d) State:
(i) two similarities and
(ii) two differences between transpiration and sweating. [4 marks]
Here's a breakdown of the answers to each part of Question 2:
(a) What is transpiration?
Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from the aerial parts of plants, primarily through the stomata in leaves. It involves the movement of water vapor from the plant's tissues to the atmosphere.
(b) (i) Name two types of transpiration.
Two types of transpiration are:
- Stomatal Transpiration: This occurs through the stomata, which are small pores found mainly on the underside of leaves.
- Cuticular Transpiration: This occurs through the cuticle, the waxy layer covering the outer surface of leaves and stems.
(ii) List four factors which affect the rate of transpiration.
Four factors affecting the rate of transpiration are:
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration as it increases the kinetic energy of water molecules, promoting evaporation.
- Humidity: Higher humidity levels decrease the rate of transpiration as the concentration gradient between the leaf and the surrounding air decreases.
- Wind Speed: Increased wind speed enhances transpiration by removing water vapor from the leaf's surface, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.
- Light Intensity: Higher light intensity stimulates stomatal opening, increasing transpiration rates to facilitate photosynthesis.
(c) Describe the mechanisms of opening and closing of the stomata.
Stomata open and close via a mechanism involving guard cells:
- Opening: When water uptake by the guard cells increases, they become turgid and swell, causing the stomatal pore to open. This occurs due to the uptake of potassium ions (K+) and water by the guard cells, leading to an increase in their osmotic potential.
- Closing: Conversely, when water loss from the guard cells exceeds uptake, they lose turgidity and shrink, causing the stomatal pore to close. This is triggered by factors like water stress, high levels of abscisic acid (ABA), and low light intensity.
(d) State:
(i) Two similarities between transpiration and sweating.
- Both involve the loss of water: Transpiration involves the loss of water vapor from plants, while sweating involves the loss of water in the form of sweat from the skin.
- Both regulate temperature: Both processes help regulate temperature. Transpiration cools the plant by evaporative cooling, while sweating cools the body by evaporative heat loss.
(ii) Two differences between transpiration and sweating.
- Organism involved: Transpiration occurs in plants, while sweating occurs in animals, particularly mammals.
- Purpose: Transpiration primarily serves to facilitate nutrient uptake and maintain plant turgidity, while sweating primarily serves to regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.